Consumer Behavior Towards Ariel and Surf Excel Essays

Consumer Behavior Towards Ariel and Surf Excel Essays Consumer Behavior Towards Ariel and Surf Excel Paper Consumer Behavior Towards Ariel and Surf Excel Paper Introduction of FMCG Industry The FMCG sector which has been the foundation of the Indian Economy, started to take its shape only during the last fifty odd years. The sector touches each facet of human life providing consumers non-durable goods required for daily or regular use. So, it easier said than done to describe an industry whose range is so huge. The FMCG sector consists mainly of sub segments like personal care, oral care and household products. HUL, PG, Britannia are the major Indian consumer product companies which have very strong presence through their strong brands. The wide distribution network, diversified portfolios and scale economies of these companies deter new players from entering into the market. Therefore, Brand Equity is an extremely important factor in FMCG Industry where as ability to build, develop, and maintain a wide distribution network is one of the critical factors. . History of Fabric Wash Market In India The size of fabric wash market in India is around Rs. 800 crores whereas the total volume is about 2. 3 millions. Hindustan Lever Limited (HUL), Procter and Gamble (PG) key players in fabric market of India. Surf Excel enjoys 37. 8% market share compared to 7. 7% of Ariel. The per capita consumption of detergents in India is 2. 7 kg per annum. The synthetic detergent market can be classified into three main categories: * Premium (Surf Excel and Ariel) – 15% of total market * Mid Price (Rin an d Wheel) – 40% of total market * Popular (Nirma) – 45% of total market Surf Excel Surf Excel is product of Hindustan Lever Limited (HUL), which was formed in the year 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited and came into being in 1956 as Hindustan Lever Limited through the merger of Lever Brothers, Hindustan Vanaspathi Manufacturing Company Limited and United Traders Limited. The company believes that dirt is a valuable way to enhance lives, both young and old. To make certain everyone, anywhere in the country, can contribute to in this imitative, Unilever invests heavily in developing a range that suits the pockets of all income groups. This has included launching affordable packs that not only offer the top clean advantage of Surf Excel, but also reduce the time, physical effort and amount of water needed to wash the clothes by hand. Surf Excel products in the market are Surf Excel Blue, Surf Excel Quick Wash, Surf Excel Automatic and Surf Excel Detergent Bar. Ariel Ariel, a product of Procter and Gamble (PG), was introduced in India in the year 1991. Procter and Gamble is a marketing range of consumer goods product. Ariel detergent gives impeccable cleaning in stain removal. It contains unique ingredients that cannot be found in other detergents, thus it is designed to remove a multitude of stains better. Ariel is perfect for everybody washing needs. The unique formula bas been designed to give brilliant cleaning and long lasting freshness. Ariel is available in three variants namely, Ariel Fresh Clean, Ariel Spring Clean and Ariel Front or Mar. Total Customer Benefits Total customer benefit is the difference between total customer cost and total customer values. Total customer cost is the cost that customer expects to incur in evaluating, obtaining, using and disposing of the product or service. Every value deliver to customer involves cost. Total customer value is the perceived benefit that the customer associated with the product. It’s not only about the core benefit of the product but the number of the benefit associated. Mainly in customers look for the function such as: The customer cost in purchasing Surf Excel is low because of availability of the product due to wide spread network of HUL, strong brand recognition and heavy advertisement. The customers save cost in evaluating the brand with competitors and also save the cost in purchasing also. While purchasing the product customer will not only look for the benefit, he will also look for availability of the product, the price of the product and the cluster of benefit they will get if associated with this product very true for the company where there is intensify competition product between Surf Excel and Ariel. The total customer benefit and cost plays very important role in order to create the brand loyalty especially in such low involvement products. So it can be broadly categorized into the following: Economic benefit: Surf Excel was first brand to be introduced in Indian market than Ariel. The price offered by the both competing brand is genuine in nature. A Price of Surf Excel 20 gram sachets costs Rs. 1. 50 where as price of Ariel in 20 gram sachets costs Rs. 2. Psychological benefit: Surf Excel has psychological advantage over Ariel and has become a generic name for detergent category creating association in mind of its customer. Surf Excel advertisement campaign such as â€Å"Daag donthe rah jaoge (1990)†, â€Å"Jaise Bhi Daag ho, Surf Excel hai na (1996)†, Daag Acche Hai Na (2005)† have slogan Daag with continuity which makes consumers remember and recognize it. Functional benefit: Both the detergent concentrates on stain removal and top cleaning which reduces the time and effort taken to wash the clothes. Packaging of Surf Excel and Ariel is very attractive. In surf excel the consumers can use less quantity of detergents when compared to Ariel which consumes more detergents. Comparison of Total Customer Benefit Available to Surf Excel and Ariel Surf Excel * Customers believe that dirt is a valuable way to improve their lives. * It reduces the time, physical effort amount of water needed to wash clothes by hand. * Surf excel completely cleans all the stains in just one wash. * It saves energy and water, while washing for the customer. * It reduces wrinkling so less ironing required. * Surf excels anti bacterial formula doesn’t allow germs to form while sweating. It is a detergent which takes care of customer hands also because it doesn’t dry the skin. * It is available in different variants for different types of customers. * It is perceived as premium brand. * Success of slogan – Dirt are good. Ariel * Ariel is focusing on product innovation to address the changing consumer’s needs and values. * Ariel is associating the brand with customers on the bases to give them superior quality makes the ground for customer to provide a theme which cause to have happiness. * It is a trusted and a premium brand in India. Ariel product has a very good fragrance. * It is available in variants as well. Point of Difference It is basically a characteristic or benefits consumer associated with the brand that can’t cater to them by the competing brand. Basically it is unique feature that is possessed by your product only. Point of Difference in Surf Excel and Ariel * Emotion Appeal on Advertisement: Surf Excel focuses on kids and their learning process on their advertisements where has Ariel focus is on mother and cause of marketing for charity by hiring celebrities. Slogan: Almost all slogans of Surf Excel there is continual use of â€Å"Daag† which has helped Surf Excel to have psychological advantage over Ariel by creating association in mind of its customers. * Content of Bleach: Ariel has larger amount of bleach for better cleaning of white fabric giving more shine and clean look. But in the case of Sur f Excel active ingredients is formulated with high quality phosphate builders and multi-active surfactant system to give superior cleaning and stain removal. * Harm on skin: Due to presence of high bleach content in Ariel it’s harmful for skin. Brand Loyalty: Surf Excel maintains brand loyalty among its consumers where as Ariel is focused on increasing brand loyalty among the consumers. * Product: Surf Excel is launching product extension but Ariel is doing product innovation. Points of Parity Point of Parity is not necessary unique features and attributes to the brand but these features and attributes can be shared with other brand as well. Points of Parity among Surf Excel and Ariel * Both available in Variants: Both the brand Surf Excel and Ariel has varieties in their product that are offered at market for consumers. The different products of Surf Excel are Surf Excel Blue, Surf Excel Quick Wash, Surf Excel Automatic and Surf Excel Detergent Bar. Similarly, the different products of Ariel are Ariel Fresh Clean, Ariel Spring Clean and Ariel Front or Mart. * Penetration on Rural Areas: Both the detergent company focuses to penetrate in rural areas identifying new market segment for growth. * Price: Surf Excel price are slightly lower than compared to price of Ariel in small sachets of 20 gm. The cost price of 20 gm sachets of Surf Excel costs Rs. 1. 50 where as cost price of same quantity of Ariel costs Rs. . 50. * Opportunities: Both the brand of detergent is addressing growing needs of rural areas. The increase in level of income of people will help to open new market share. Customer Value Comparison between Surf Excel and Ariel In present marketplace, a company must integrate its traditional business function to provide a superior value to targeted customers because the value provided serves cus tomer best interest. Customers buy value, not product or features. Moreover, the customers buy it from the company that provides the most value. And the company also succeeds in attracting new customers is able to continually improve the value that are offered to existing customers for customer retention. Surf Excel Unilever has introduced concentrated version of detergent and adopted recycled materials and also using fewer colors on its labels in order to minimize impacts on the environment. Surf Excel introduced Surf Quick wash, the first eco-friendly detergent into the country being aware to the increasing concerns on environmental pollution and water scarcity problems. Surf Quick wash is low lather variant and uses almost half the water other detergents need. In customers point of view surf excel is available in every areas of retail market where the cost incurred by the consumers are minimum due to availability of product, brand recognition, advertisements are more regular by keeping the themes same and changing the perception of ads in nature. The offer of bucket in Surf excel is helping the manufactures from transferring stock from retail shop to their home. Ariel Ariel contains unique fragrance in detergents with new technology based detergent. It is more focused on product innovation to attract new consumers from existing brands in the present market. Though Ariel is expensive, it has good performance and it protects color. Economic Benefit: If we calculate the initial expenses that we have to make in order to purchase the Ariel it seems in the higher side than to purchase of Surf Excel but if calculation is made on per day Surf Excel is far cheaper than Ariel. If the comparison is made with Ariel here also Surf Excel wins the battle. Since the price of the product of Surf Excel are cheaper than Ariel. Psychological Benefit: Both the product are detergent for fabric wash and both are effective in nature, but the basic problem of Ariel is their harsh on skin due to content of bleach used in it for better cleaning. However, in case of Surf Excel does not harm skin because it’s milder than compared to the Ariel. Functional Benefit: Both detergents removes a multitude of stains better but Surf Excel uses little quantity of detergent for washing clothes when compared to over Ariel and it also reduces the time, physical effort and amount of water needed to wash clothes by hands. Ariel protects the color and Surf Excel dose not protects the color. Conclusion and recommendation Surf Excel spends huge amount of money on advertising due to impulsive buying behavior of consumer. There is competitive pricing between the products of Surf Excel and Ariel in order to attract the customers who are very sensitive to the price. HUL keeps price of Surf Excel with regard to price of Ariel. The cost of 1 kg of Surf Excel costs Rs. 110 per kg and cost of 1 kg Ariel costs Rs. 115 per kg. The rising income of the people is opening door for more market share. Both the brand have Brand Breadth, customers will appreciate if the companies will introduce new product like liquid detergent for color clothes to maintain brightness. Bibliography surfexcel. in/ (April 08, 2011) pg-india. com/hp/ariel2. htm(April 11, 2011) icmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Marketing/MKTG246. htm (April 12, 2011) http://ebookee. org/Value-Based-Marketing-for-Bottom-Line-success-5-Steps-to-Creating-Customer-Value_945828. html (April 09, 2011) http://scribd. com/doc/ (April 04, 2011)

Why Choose a Single-Sex School

Why Choose a Single-Sex School No single educational environment is right for every student. From varying learning styles to different interests, education has become an incredibly diverse and customized experience for students. For some children, the best learning environment is one that removes students of the opposite gender from the equation.  Research has shown that single-sex education offers benefits for both girls and boys. While it has long been known that girls do better academically in all-girls’ environments, more recent research has shown that boys may fare even better than girls in single-sex classrooms. The research fairly overwhelmingly and  consistently points to the advantages of single-sex schools. For example, a study at Stetson University  in Florida showed that among fourth graders at a public elementary school in the state, 37% of boys reached proficiency levels in co-ed classes, while 86% of boys in single-sex classrooms did (the boys in the study were matched so that they were statistically equivalent). While 59% of girls reached a proficient level in co-ed classrooms, 75% did when they were only with girls. This type of research has been carried out and substantiated among students of different economic, ethnic, and racial backgrounds in many different industrialized countries around the world. Part of the magic of single-sex schools is that the teaching methods can be adjusted to the students. Well-trained teachers at girls’ and boys’ single-sex schools can take advantage of the specific ways in which girls and boys learn. For example, boys often need a higher level of activity, while girls might need more reassurance that they have something to offer to the classroom discussion. In a typical co-ed classroom, it is difficult for one teacher to use these specific strategies for all the students. Here are some other advantages of single-sex schools: Girls Gain Greater Confidence CRC Health studies show that one-quarter of the female members of Congress and one-third of the female board members of Fortune 100 companies attended girls’ schools. This staggering statistic might be in part because girls in single-sex schools learn to feel confident about their ideas, and they more readily jump into class discussions when they are not self-conscious. In a girls’ school, students are not worried about what boys will think about them, and they shed the traditional idea that girls should be demure or quiet. Boys and Girls Feel Comfortable in Non-traditional Subjects Boys in boys’ schools feel comfortable in areas that they learn to avoid in co-ed schools, such as literature, writing, and foreign languages. Many boys’ schools emphasize these subjects, and the teachers in these schools are able to plan the curriculum so that the themes in the books the boys read are geared towards their concerns and interests, as opposed to the usual â€Å"girl-centered† books in many co-ed schools. For example, boys may read stories about boys coming of age, such as Homer’s The Odyssey, and the students’ analyses of these works can be centered on boys’ concerns. Girls in girls’ schools, on the other hand, tend to feel more comfortable in areas that they traditionally shy away from, such as math and science. In all-female schools, they can have female role models who enjoy these subjects, and they are encouraged to be interested in these areas without competition from boys. Students Unlearn Gender Stereotypes In boys’ schools, boys fill every role- whether it’s a traditional role such as captain of the basketball team or whether it’s an untraditional role such as the editor of the yearbook. There are no stereotypes about which types of roles boys should fill. Similarly, in a girls’ school, girls are the head of every sport and organization and can comfortably take on such untraditional roles as head of the student body or head of the physics club. In this way, students in these schools unlearn traditional stereotypes and do not tend to think of roles in terms of gender. Single-Sex Classrooms Often have Better Discipline While sometimes all-girls’ and all-boys’ classrooms have a certain relaxed quality borne of freedom to express themselves, single-sex classrooms have been shown overall to have fewer discipline problems, particularly for boys. Students are no longer busy impressing or competing against the opposite sex but can get down to the true business of learning. Many parents who attended co-ed schools may feel uncomfortable at first exploring the single-sex school option for their children, but there is no doubt that many students learn better in these types of schools.

Vacation to New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vacation to New York City - Essay Example From the size of the buildings to the width of the main streets, even the height of the horses on whose backs police patrolled was such as I had not seen before. However, perhaps the most memorable fact of all was the sounds and overall noise. Although I did not come from a small town, to begin with, I was not prepared for the business and overall noise level that New York life involved. In any given minute there could be a street musician, a sidewalk advertisement/demonstration, people whistling for taxis, horns beeping, construction equipment working, jackhammers chipping, and the general din of thousands of people all talking at once. To my young and impressionable mind, this is one of the facts I will remember to the day I die as I recall looking out into the faceless mass of humanity with child-like awe and wonder at the sea of humanity that existed all around me. Beyond the noise, the grandeur of the buildings and their size was something else that gave me pause. Courthouses back home had a level of grandeur as did banks to a certain degree; however, the columns, the size, the colors, the use of glass, granite and steel to make obscenely tall buildings erupt from the corners of the sidewalk was something I had never before seen to such a degree. Likewise, the smells that greeted me were also of particular interest to my young, curious mind. For instance, the sidewalks emitted the pungent odor of multiple different kinds of ethnic foods all being sold by street vendors – usually of the country of origin as was the food they were peddling. At the same time, there were twinges of sea air mixed with the distinct smell of horse urine from the many horse-mounted police that was commonplace in the city of New York.

H&M Communication Campaign Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

H&M Communication Campaign - Case Study Example The realisation of that potential, however, is contingent upon the formulation and implementation of a market plan as which would create consumer awareness of the brand, on the one hand, and incite the purchasing decision on the other. This necessitates the capitalisation upon both Madonna and H&M's already existent market appeal and pre-existing consumer loyalty and trust. To ensure the popularisation of the brand, it is imperative that M by Madonna engage in a marketing communication campaign designed to disseminate information about the line and to familiarise the consumer fashion market with it. The primary goal of the campaign is to increase market awareness of the line, with campaign success measured in terms of message penetration as evidenced through sales figures. The campaign will be comprised of a mix of advertising and public relations, supported with direct mail. Paid advertisements will target the defined global consumer segment and public relations, the launching of the lines in various markets. Advertising will consist of magazine, billboards (outdoor advertising) and TV. Public relations will consist of the distribution of promotion packages at the launch events, with the former being highly publicised events featuring celebrity guests. M By Madonna offers the trendy young consumer an entire fashion range at an affordable price. Realising the importance of dress as a statement about who one is and where one is heading, the line extends consumers the opportunity to look fashionable and expensive' without having to pay dearly for it. 3 Background Founded in 1947, H&M has grown from a small Swedish fashion outlet to one of the world's largest fashion retailers, with over 1,300 stores and operations in 24 countries. Always associated with the youth market, H&M provides both male and female fashion consumers with trendy, often jet-setting, fashions and high quality products at affordable prices (Nolan, 2006). As such, it provides the youth market with the haut couture look at retail prices. The Madonna-H&M venture is a potentially promising addition to the youth fashion market. The resultant line, M By Madonna, provides the youth consumer with an entire range of youth clothing and accessories, suitable for wear at the office, at university/school, for leisure, formal and casual occasions. It is, in other words, a highly varied, multi-purpose line. M By Madonna combines between youthfulness and elegance and, as such, provides the fashion consumer with timeless, multi-purpose and multi-occasion designs. Distributed to fashion stores across the world, not to mention H&M outlets in March 2007, the line has tremendous market potential should the campaign succeed in capitalising upon both H&M and Madonna's market reputations and consumer appeals. 4 Situation Analysis 4.1 Goals The primary goal of this communication campaign is to create consumer awareness of them by Madonna line and disseminate relevant information regarding points of purchase, whether physical (stores) or virtual (web) locations. The secondary goal is to raise the visibility level of M By Madonna, in what has often been referred to as an increasingly retail-crowded consumer market environment and to establish awareness of the line as the optimal youth fashion choice. Other goals can be expressed as follows: Positioning of the line Branding Influencing positive consumer perceptions of he fashion line, thereby inciting the purchase

Evolution of Medical Practice Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Medical Practice Essay 1) Great Cases in Bioethics, compiled edited by Paul A. Lombardo (2005) [available at the law school copy center] 2) Limits: The Role of Law in Bioethical Decisionmaking, by Roger B. Dworkin (Indiana, 1996) Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed the Practice of Medicine, by David J. Rothman (Harper-Collins, 1991). [These are available for background material.on reserve at the Law Library the Center for Bioethics] The field of Bioethics has developed over the past thirty years as a product of several shifts in American cultural consciousness. The pervasive use of rights-based rhetoric borrowed from the civil rights movement contributed to the evolution in the role of physicians as they relate to patients. An ongoing conversation about the impact of law in shaping medical practice also influenced the current complexion of Bioethics as an area of study. A number of legal cases stand as signposts for critical moments in the history of Bioethics. They mark the changing public perception of the intersection of science, medicine, personal values and law. This seminar explores those cases. The first two weeks of the seminar will include a course orientation and exploration of two cases by the instructor. Each week thereafter will feature a presentation on one or more seminal cases, prepared by one or more students. The second hour of the seminar will be a discussion period that focuses on the cultural impact, legal significance and ethical issues raised by the cases. In addition to a class case presentation and involvement in seminar discussions, each law student will be required to complete a research paper building on material presented during the case presentation. Students should be prepared to choose a topic and presentation date at the first seminar meeting. Guidelines for Class Presentations and papers Each student is required to choose a case and make a class presentation that explores the historical, legal, and ethical context of the case. The rest of the students will prepare for the class by reading the case opinion(s). In the first hour, students should: Present the case in its historical setting, budgeting time to entertain questions during or at the end of the hour. The presentation should highlight critical facts of the case, with particular attention to both facts and arguments that have engendered ethical debate. Describe the responses of commentators (ethicists and other) to the case when it was decided; Note the prevailing norms of that period with reference to the ethical and legal issues in the case—this will require a search of the literature of the period; Be prepared to answer the question: Why is this a paradigm case (or set of cases) in the history of bioethics, in other words, why does this case have enduring significance in ethical and legal debate? Students should plan their seminar presentation by meeting with the Professor well in advance of the scheduled presentation date. Resources: A variety of resources may be used, including journal articles from the legal and medical literature, other cases that preceded and followed it, and contemporary media coverage that will explain the social/cultural reaction to the case. Audio visual aids, including video/audio tapes, slides or overheads may be used to elucidate elements of the case. Depending on the time at which the case occurred and the amount of commentary (of various kinds) it may have generated, each student may use different types of resource material, and may choose a different disciplinary perspective from which to present the case. Research for the presentation should range from popular professional books and articles that elucidate the case and its impact to information found on the Internet. Students will be expected, as part of the class session, to provide other seminar participants with copies of a detailed outline of their presentation. A bibliograpy (1-2 pages) of sources must accompany the materials. The second hour will involve A discussion with assistance from other students and the Professor, to place the case in the current ethical and legal context. What are the contemporary ethical issues with which the case is now associated? What current cases need to be examined in reference to the â€Å"Great Case?† Where does the debate stand today? What is at stake ethically in the debate and what is your position on the issues? Seminar Paper Each student will be required to write a research paper of significant size and substance on a topic that expands on or relates to the case presented in class. The paper will provide an in-depth exploration of issues raised during the class discussion or in conference with the Professor, and will incorporate reference material discovered during research. The paper should be no less than 25 pages, and should demonstrate familiarity with the scholarly literature in the relevant areas.

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education Webster defines philosophy as a critical study of fundamental beliefs and the grounds for them. In this philosophy, I will be talking about the three great philosophers: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. These three philosophers represent the birthplace of Western philosophy. Socrates, which is synonymous with wisdom and the philosophical life, was a teacher without a school. His goal was to help others find the truths that lie within their own minds. He helped his students reach deeper, clearer ideas by questioning, disproving, and testing the thoughts of his pupils. His teachings offended many of the powerful people of his time. They believed he was corrupting the youth in Athens. Since he believed and taught in this way, he was executed. Plato, a student of Socrates, followed in his teachings. After returning to Athens, he founded The Academy, considered by some to be the world’s first university. In Plato’s philosophy the human soul has three parts: intellect, spirit, and appetite. He felt that these three aspects interacted to determine human behavior. He urged that intellect be trained to control spirit and appetite. Aristotle was the student under Plato. He came to Plato’s Academy at the age of 18 and stayed for 20 years until the death of Plato. He went to northern Greece and taught Alexander the Great. After educating Alexander, he returned to Athens and set up his own school, the Lyceum. Aristotle placed more emphasis on the physical world than did Plato. He wrote works on biology, physics, astronomy, just to name a few. But, he is also renowned for his ethical and political theories. He thought the highest good for people was a virtuous life. By thinking this, he promoted the doctrine of the Golden Mean.

Foil between Mr.Darcy and Mr.Wickham

Path to Elizabeth's Heart Criticism and manners determine the image given to a person from society. The satire, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen, portrays the social life of young women who marry for love or money. The Bennet family becomes the center of attention through the conversing between Jane Bennet with Mr. Bingley, and Elizabeth Bennet with Mr. Darcy. Women married the wealthy for security and fortunate living. However, the men devise their own ways of courting women. Mr.Wickham and Mr. Darcy become foils of each other, through their many acquaintances with Elizabeth. First impressions create prejudice of a person, which cannot be easily changed. Elizabeth’s first encounter with Mr. Darcy is during a ball, â€Å"Mr. Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall, handsome features, noble mien†¦ the gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man† (6). His physical features reflects his wealth, as well as the description o f a fine figure of a man.However, his physical features were not the only characteristics that were revealed during their first encounter, â€Å"his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud, to be above his company† (6). Mr. Darcy’s conversations with strangers were turned into declarations of superiority and detestment. Elizabeth saw this as a ungentlemanly manner which lead her to hate Mr. Darcy on her first encounter with him that night. Mr.Wickham on the other, â€Å"was the happy man towards whom almost every female eye was turned and the agreeable manner in which he immediately fell into conversation†¦ that the commonest, dullest, most threadbare topic might be rendered interesting† (52) Elizabeth also notices Mr. Wickham’s charm to making friends as well as his gentlemanly manner of conversing with others. She also takes an interest in what Mr. Wickham has to say, due to the conformation al bias of Mr. Wickham’s history with Mr. Darcy supporting her opinion of Mr. Darcy.She instantly trusts Mr. Wickham only because of his  manners and first impression of being of good manners. Mr. Darcy also states that, â€Å"Mr. Wickham is blessed with such happy manners as may ensure his making friends† (63). Mr. Wickham is agreeable but he also has no interest in the poor, because he only makes friends with those that will benefit him at the moment, and cast aside anyone who has played their part. The contrast between the men creates irony, because she she eventually marries the man whom she detest at first rather than the man who was agreeable at first. However, her impression on him changes once she receives the letter from Mr.Darcy. He reveals Mr. Wickham’s true nature during his visit in Pemberley was, â€Å"unquestionably my sister's fortune, which is thirty thousand pounds; but I cannot help supposing that the hope of revenging himself on me was a s trong inducement. †(137) This changes Elizabeth’s impression on Mr. Wickham and it influences her to review all that she had thought and said to Mr. Darcy. She states that she did not understand herself any more, causing her to realize the mercenary attention Mr. Wickham had given to Miss King. She could not call upon the traits to defend Mr. Wickham besides his manners.The roles of Mr. Wickham and Mr. Darcy have switched, Elizabeth visits Pemberley and reunites with Mr. Darcy, â€Å"they soon drew from those enquiries the full conviction that one of them at least knew what it was to love†¦ overflowing with admiration was evident enough,†(175). Revealing the true feelings that Elizabeth has for Darcy and the evident admiration from Darcy, Austen portrays an ideal love scene from the dreams of a woman during the era. The foils of Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham emphasises the prejudice of society and first impressions which cover the truth. The history between Mr. Darcy and Mr.Wickham display a forked path to their own personalities. Mr. Wickham was the son of Mr. Darcy’s father’s steward who was â€Å"of a very respectable man, who had for many years the management of all the Pemberley estates,† (135). The juxtaposition of being the son of the lord and the son of the steward who worked under him, displays the contrast of Mr. Darcy’s and Mr. Wickham’s personalities. Darcy would have been educated by his father or schooling, and thus he spent years alone, with his sister, after his father died, meanwhile Wickham learned his manners from being a steward under Pemberley.Their own paths formed the personalities which they have become. Another example appears within Darcy’s letter, Mr. Wickham â€Å"had some intention†¦ of studying the law, and I must be aware that the interest of one thousand pounds would be a very insufficient support therein† (136). The legacy of one-thousand pounds that Mr. Darcy’s father left to Wickham was not enough to allow Wickham to survive through is years. Darcy gives Wickham three-thousand goals to allow Wickham to attend law school, however the law soon declined and was not a profitable field to enter.Coming back to Darcy for assistant, Wickham gets denied of money. Wickham seeking vengeance, â€Å"he so far recommended himself to Georgiana, whose affectionate heart retained a strong impression of his kindness to her as a child, that she was persuaded to believe herself in love, and to consent to an elopement† (137). Wickham was after the fortune on Miss Darcy as revenge for not helping him through his years of distress. Contrast between evil intentions and pure hearts exposes the satire behind Austen’s writing.The irony of falling in love with a corrupted man while being pure at heart, emphasises blinding love. Darcy’s and Wickham’s history with each other reveals the different paths which both of them tak e. Jane Austen expresses her views of social life of the poor and the wealthy through Darcy’s and Wickham’s first impression on Elizabeth. Her prejudice and pride blinds her from realizing the truth behind Darcy and Wickham. The foils of the agreeable Wickham and discerning Darcy, portrays society as a loveless defect with only money on their minds. Foil between Mr.Darcy and Mr.Wickham Path to Elizabeth's Heart Criticism and manners determine the image given to a person from society. The satire, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen, portrays the social life of young women who marry for love or money. The Bennet family becomes the center of attention through the conversing between Jane Bennet with Mr. Bingley, and Elizabeth Bennet with Mr. Darcy. Women married the wealthy for security and fortunate living. However, the men devise their own ways of courting women.Mr.  Wickham and Mr. Darcy become foils of each other, through their many acquaintances with Elizabeth. First impressions create prejudice of a person, which cannot be easily changed. Elizabeth’s first encounter with Mr. Darcy is during a ball, â€Å"Mr. Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall, handsome features, noble mien†¦ the gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man† (6). His physical features reflects his wealth, as well as the descriptio n of a fine figure of a man.However, his physical features were not the only characteristics that were revealed during their first encounter, â€Å"his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud, to be above his company† (6). Mr. Darcy’s conversations with strangers were turned into declarations of superiority and detestment. Elizabeth saw this as a ungentlemanly manner which lead her to hate Mr. Darcy on her first encounter with him that night.Mr. Wickham on the other, â€Å"was the happy man towards whom almost every female eye was turned and the agreeable manner in which he immediately fell into conversation†¦ that the commonest, dullest, most threadbare topic might be rendered interesting† (52) Elizabeth also notices Mr. Wickham’s charm to making friends as well as his gentlemanly manner of conversing with others. She also takes an interest in what Mr. Wickham has to say, due to the conformat ional bias of Mr. Wickham’s history with Mr. Darcy supporting her opinion of Mr. Darcy.She instantly trusts Mr. Wickham only because of his  manners and first impression of being of good manners. Mr. Darcy also states that, â€Å"Mr. Wickham is blessed with such happy manners as may ensure his making friends† (63). Mr. Wickham is agreeable but he also has no interest in the poor, because he only makes friends with those that will benefit him at the moment, and cast aside anyone who has played their part. The contrast between the men creates irony, because she she eventually marries the man whom she detest at first rather than the man who was agreeable at first. However, her impression on him changes once she receives the letter from Mr. Darcy.He reveals Mr. Wickham’s true nature during his visit in Pemberley was, â€Å"unquestionably my sister's fortune, which is thirty thousand pounds; but I cannot help supposing that the hope of revenging himself on me was a strong inducement. †(137) This changes Elizabeth’s impression on Mr. Wickham and it influences her to review all that she had thought and said to Mr. Darcy. She states that she did not understand herself any more, causing her to realize the mercenary attention Mr. Wickham had given to Miss King. She could not call upon the traits to defend Mr. Wickham besides his manners.The roles of Mr. Wickham and Mr. Darcy have switched, Elizabeth visits Pemberley and reunites with Mr. Darcy, â€Å"they soon drew from those enquiries the full conviction that one of them at least knew what it was to love†¦ overflowing with admiration was evident enough,†(175). Revealing the true feelings that Elizabeth has for Darcy and the evident admiration from Darcy, Austen portrays an ideal love scene from the dreams of a woman during the era. The foils of Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham emphasises the prejudice of society and first impressions which cover the truth. The history between M r. Darcy and Mr. Wickham display a forked path to their own personalities.Mr. Wickham was the son of Mr. Darcy’s father’s steward who was â€Å"of a very respectable man, who had for many years the management of all the Pemberley estates,† (135). The juxtaposition of being the son of the lord and the son of the steward who worked under him, displays the contrast of Mr. Darcy’s and Mr. Wickham’s personalities. Darcy would have been educated by his father or schooling, and thus he spent years alone, with his sister, after his father died, meanwhile Wickham learned his manners from being a steward under Pemberley.Their own paths formed the personalities which they have become. Another example appears within Darcy’s letter, Mr. Wickham â€Å"had some intention†¦ of studying the law, and I must be aware that the interest of one thousand pounds would be a very insufficient support therein† (136). The legacy of one-thousand pounds that Mr. Darcy’s father left to Wickham was not enough to allow Wickham to survive through is years. Darcy gives Wickham three-thousand goals to allow Wickham to attend law school, however the law soon declined and was not a profitable field to enter.Coming back to Darcy for assistant, Wickham gets denied of money. Wickham seeking vengeance, â€Å"he so far recommended himself to Georgiana, whose affectionate heart retained a strong impression of his kindness to her as a child, that she was persuaded to believe herself in love, and to consent to an elopement† (137). Wickham was after the fortune on Miss Darcy as revenge for not helping him through his years of distress. Contrast between evil intentions and pure hearts exposes the satire behind Austen’s writing.The irony of falling in love with a corrupted man while being pure at heart, emphasises blinding love. Darcy’s and Wickham’s history with each other reveals the different paths which both of them take. Jane Austen expresses her views of social life of the poor and the wealthy through Darcy’s and Wickham’s first impression on Elizabeth. Her prejudice and pride blinds her from realizing the truth behind Darcy and Wickham. The foils of the agreeable Wickham and discerning Darcy, portrays society as a loveless defect with only money on their minds.

Issues of Corrections Essay

Take a deeper look into corrections, it seems like a tightly held ship. Yet, the people, funding, and politics are what keep it running. From the judges who hand down the sentence, to the officers themselves who deal with the inmates on a daily basis. Corrections were not always held in the manner they are today, it is something that shape shifted throughout the centuries. It wasn’t all rehabilitation and reform, it was more mocking in the town square, torture and death sentence. In a quote from (Ch. 2.5 Punishment in the 20th century). â€Å"In fact, investigations from the late 19th to the early 20th century consistently found excessive corporal punishment and widespread corruption in prisons across a number of states. Punishments such as hanging by the thumbs; whippings; beatings; water tortures; solitary confinement in cramped, dark dungeons; and starvation diets of bread and water were commonplace. These punishments and general prison conditions harkened back to the cruelty of the pre-prison days in medieval society.† (Stojkovia & Lovell, 2013). The age of reform were said to be during the first two decades of the 20th century, the progressive era brought an end to corporal punishment. Classification, normalization, education and vocational training were all being used within the corrections system. They started to, in a sense treat the prisoners like actual human beings. By the 80’s the get tough movement came in, which was more of a punitive approach to corrections than a rehabilitative one. The gangs were coming into focus, creating destruction where ever they wanted to. They were growing by the dozens, pulling in young teens, claiming to be their family. They were responsible for murder, robbery, sexual assault and drug  possession and sailing. With this get tough, and three strikes you’re out law, the prisons began to over crowd. With a quote from (Get-tough stance not helping Ohio prison population). â€Å"Advocates argue that adopting these policies will allow the state to roll back its prison population to where it was in 2007. If that happens, they estimate the state will save $62 million in corrections costs over four years. †¦ Ohio needs to abandon the expensive fiction that locking up offenders indiscriminately makes us safer. It needs to end the revolving-door system that imprisons low-level criminals briefly, then puts them back on the street without treatment or supervision. It needs to develop coherent probation policies.† (The Toledo Blade, 2011). Huge amounts of funding go in to every prison, but what about the people? The warden, the officers, medical staff, and therapist have to supply a key functional facility. Most of the inmates are murders, yet the staff must treat them with respect and give them their rights. The have to keep the environment safe for themselves and other inmates. Let’s not forget the probation officers as well, they must keep on top of their cases as well. When trying to keep someone from entry prison or re-enter society after doing time, these people have a tough job. In this quote from the (American Correctional Association). â€Å"We cannot truly expect to have any control of a solution if we do not accept responsibility for the problem. Corrections professionals have begun to embrace that concept. Although we understand that offenders must take responsibility for their lives, we also understand that we can no longer just shrug our shoulders at their failures. The people that come out of our prisons, jails, community programs and out from under our supervision are our product, and we have to take some responsibility for the quality of that product. This philosophy, as much as anything, has helped change the way we do what we do. It has given us the motivation to succeed at what we do, sometimes in spite of the offenders.† (ACA, ND). Not only do they want to run a tight ship they see the prisoners as a product of their work. They must do the best they can, go above and beyond  the correctional and political approach, and be there for the inmates in every way possible. This is a very large stretch since about 85% of Americas prisons are over populated and understaffed. Funding comes from the tax payers, so the warden and everyone else on the correctional board must decipher how to handle the money, and which keys elements to invest in. In (Ch. 6.3 Management Issues for Administrators). â€Å"Consider the development of a policy, such as the organization’s budget, the resultant of a set of decisions concerning the allocation of its financial resources. Inside the organization, in its internal environment, everyone will be affected, and many will take an interest in attempting to influence the budget decision process.† (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013). Why is it so important to keep a tightly ran ship? Because believe it or not prisoners have rights. Many may disagree and say they do not deserve this, they forfeit their rights once they made the decision to do whatever got them in trouble. Yes they deserve to have certain privileges taken away, but also need to be treated as a human being with potential mental problems. Even though they are detained, every American citizen has a right to the constitutional laws. Habeas Corpus, Due Process, and civil rights. In (Ch. 3.1 Correctional Law: Fundamental Concerns). It high lights these rights, â€Å"Prior to being entitled to either due process or substantive rights, prisoners had to be given legal status and access to the courts. So long as prisoners were considered â€Å"slaves of the state,† they could not enjoy any right to due process, let alone any substantive rights. This premise was initially stated in the case of Ruffin v. Commonwealth (1872). (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013). Due process, â€Å"The second basic concern of significance to prisoners is that of due process.†The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution prohibit government from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, even after these persons have been convicted of crimes† (Pelegrin & Braby, 1999, p. 2). (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013). Civil Rights, â€Å"Civil rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and the supporting federal legislation. Among other civil rights, inmates have rights such as these: to be free from sexual crimes, including sexual harassment; to have adequate medical and mental health care; to complain about prison conditions and voice concerns about the treatment received; and, in the case of prisoners with disabilities, to assert claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act (Findlaw, 2012). (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013). The warden and officers cannot just throw someone in a cell, and not give them adequate care. If a prisoner feels their rights have been neglected, the officers must take a statement from them, or give them the information of who to report the matter to. If the inmate has any medical issues such as asthma or diabetes, they must routine medical checkups. Once a prisoner has done their time, or is close to finishing, the prison must get them ready for re-entering society. This is no easy step, it takes many classes and counseling sessions. These inmates have to adapt to the outside world all over again, they must find a job, and conduct themselves in a respectful law abiding manner. This is where the prison takes on a more rehabilitative role rather than a purely punitive one. Some inmates may need more than others, everyone is different. The staff must be trained, have all the supply’s needed, and must also be pre-pared to defend themselves if need be. Probation officer especially must be extremely careful, can you imagine the intensity they must feel when they must meet with some purely disturbed and violent people being released. Do they feel threatened or scared for their own life if the person does not comply, and must go back? Many say that probation is a waste of time, yet it does have its uses. When jails are overcrowding, this is a way to reduce it, and also much cheaper than actually housing a prisoner. In (Ch. 8.1 Defining Probation). â€Å"Conceptually, the term â€Å"probation† refers to â€Å"the release to the community of a person convicted of a crime so long as there is compliance with certain conditions of good behavior under the supervision of a probation officer†Ã‚  (Statsky, 1985, p. 604; Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). Probation is considered a community sentence. The probationer, the person on probation, is kept in the community and placed under certain restrictions, monitored by a community corrections agent, who is typically referred to as a probation agent. In practice, probation may closely resemble this definition, or may depart from it to a rather significant extent. (Stojkovic & Lovell, 2013). It is not meant for everyone, and many abuse the chance that they are given, but it is good for the people who really deserve it, some people need a wakeup call in life, and sometimes probation is it. In an Article called (A Review of probation Home Visit: What do we Know?). â€Å"HOME VISITS ARE an important yet understudied component of probation. Historically a cornerstone of probation (Lindner, 1992a), home visits provide an opportunity for probation officers to have quality contact with a client in his or her personal environment. This type of less formal interaction between offenders and their assigned officers serves not only to monitor behavior and compliance with the case plan but also to provide often-needed direction towards treatment and social services. Furthermore, though time consuming (see DeMichele, 2007), these visits allow the probation officer additional opportunities to act as a positive role model (see Braswell, 1989). Although home visits are seen as a critical tool employed by probation officers, recent evidence demonstrates that home visits are rarely conducted (see Jalbert, Rhodes, Flygare, & Kane, 2010), even for high-risk offenders who might benefit from them the most. (Ahlin, Lobo, Joao, & Carbone, 2013). There also, home monitoring system, ankle bracelets and alcohol censors. The technology that has expanded the alternatives to jail are widely used now. With these on the offender may not leave their house, unless for school or work. If it is a violation involving alcohol, then the sensor will know when the person has been drinking and alert the police. Is this rehabilitative, or is it just putting a band aid on the situation? Community corrections is another alternative, it brings the offender out into society, doing community service. Basically the offender is working off  their fines or other lesser sentence. It is hard work that will hopefully restructure the offender in some ways. Court ordered therapy and drug court, is another alternative. The person must pee in a cup every week or else back to jail. Group home for juveniles or others offenders that are being released and have no appropriate residence may go into these tightly run homes. They must adhere to the group homes rules and regulations or they are out on the street. I will close out with my own personal alternative, religion plays a key role in someone’s life. Get the inmates in touch with their local, Priest, Pastor, Rabbi and watch it, albeit slowly turn these offenders around. My church currently helps those recently released get back into society, by showing no judgment for their crimes, they say hey we are going to help you get past the mistakes and live a better life, with go in your life all things are possible. Whatever religion, it is a positive influence that many of these offenders probably never had. References: Ahlin, Eileen, Atunes, Joao, & Carbone, (2013). A Review of Probation Home Visits: What do We Know? Federal probation, 000149128, Vol. 77, Issue 3. American Correctional Association,. (2006). The Evolution of Correctional Programs Southeastern Correctional Institution, Ohio. NewsBank,. (2011). Get-tough stance not helping Ohio prison population. Vera Institute of Justice,. (2013). The Potential of Community Corrections to Improve Safety and Reduce Incarceration. Stojkovic, S., & Lovell, R. (2013). Corrections: An Introduction. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

17 Questions You Should Never Ask at a Job Interview

17 Questions You Should Never Ask at a Job Interview We all hate that moment when the interviewer turns to us and says: â€Å"Do you have any questions for us?† Next time you find yourself in the hot seat, make sure to avoid these questions. You’ll be glad you did. SEE ALSO:  The 6 Hardest Interview Questions of 20161. What does your company do?Try Google. Ideally, before the interview.2. What will my salary be?It never pays to talk money in the interview stage. Save it for when you get the offer.3. Will I have to work long hours?This is as good as saying, â€Å"I can’t be bothered trying very hard.†4. How long before I accumulate vacation time?Save it for the HR orientation.5. How soon before I can get promoted?Focus on getting the job you’re interviewing for and doing it well. Then worry about your next move.6. When will I be eligible for a raise?Again, focus on getting the job. And save the money talk for your first review.7. Will I have my own office?Why bother asking this one, really? You eithe r will or you won’t.8. Will I get along with my coworkers?No interviewer is going to answer â€Å"no,† nor could they possibly have any idea. This just makes you look emotionally immature and slightly deranged. Try asking about the work culture instead.9. Will I have an expense account?Not if you don’t get the job!10. [insert personal question]Just don’t.11. Can I make personal calls?If you have to ask, it sounds like you’re not planning on doing any actual work.12. I heard [insert salacious detail] about the CEO. Is that true?Skip the rumor mill and stick to being respectful.13. Do you monitor internet usage or screen emails?This suggests you have something to hide.14. Do you do background checks?They probably do. Don’t act suspicious!15. Can I arrive early/leave late?This is just a no-brainer. Even if you can work fast enough to get it done in less than 8 hours, it’s not interview appropriate.16. How’d I do?Just don’t. 17. Did I get the job?Even if they were ready to hire you on the spot, this question will likely make them change their minds.Of course, not asking questions is almost worse than asking any of the above. Try to come up with a few safe ones that will assert your intelligence and valuable qualities and prepare them well in advance.

French and English Cognates That Start With A

French and English Cognates That Start With A One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. The 1,700 words on the following pages are spelled (although not pronounced) identically in French and English and are true or semi-true cognates. Before you start memorizing them, please read some important notes about these cognates. French English Cognates: A The (parentheses) indicate the words part of speech in both languages, and, in the case of nouns, the gender of the noun in French.abandon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)abattoir  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)abdication  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)​​abdomen  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)abdominal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)aberrant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)aberration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abject  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)abolition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abominable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)abomination  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abracadabra  Ã‚  Ã‚  (exclamation)abrasion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abrogation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)absence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)absent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)absinthe  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)absolution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)absorption  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abstention  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abstinence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)abstinent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)abstraction  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)acacia  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)accent  Ã‚     (masculine noun)accentuation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)accessible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)accident  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)accolade  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)accord  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)accumulation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)accusation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)acolyte  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)acquisition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)action  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)acupuncture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)adage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)adaptable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)adaptation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)addenda  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)addition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)adjacent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)adjectival  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)administration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)admirable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)admiration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)admission  Ã‚  Ã‚  feminine noun)admonition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)adolescence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)adolescent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)adoption  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)adorable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)adoration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (fem inine noun)adroit  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)adulation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)adverbial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)adverse  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)affable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)affectation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)affection  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)affiliation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)affirmation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)affirmative  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)affliction  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)affront  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)aficionado  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)agent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)agile  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)agitation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)agriculture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)air  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)album  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)alias  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adverb)alliance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)alligator  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)allophone  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)allusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)alpha  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)alphabet  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)altercation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)altitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)alto  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjectiv e)amateur  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)ambition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)ambivalence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)ambivalent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)amble  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)ambulance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)amoral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)ample  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)amplification  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)amputation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)amusement  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)anal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)ancestral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)anecdote  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)angle  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)angora  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)animal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)animation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)annihilation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)annotation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)anthrax  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)anticipation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)antidote  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)antique  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)antisocial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)apartheid  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)aperture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)apocalypse  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)apostrophe     Ã‚  (feminine noun)apparent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)apparition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)applicable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)application  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)appropriation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)approximation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)aptitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)aquarium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)arable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)arcade  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)architectural  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)architecture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)archives  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)argument  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)aria  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)armistice  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)arrogance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)arrogant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)arsenal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)arsenic  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)art  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)artefact  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)article  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)articulation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)artifice  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)artisan  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)ascension  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)aspartame  Ã‚  Ã‚  (m asculine noun)aspiration  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)assassin  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)assertion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)assimilation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)assistance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)association  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)assurance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)astral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)astringent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)atlas  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)atoll  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)atonal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)attention  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)attitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)attraction  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)attribution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)auburn  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)audible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)audit  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)audition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)augmentation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)aura  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)automation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)automobile  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)avalanche  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)avarice  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)avenue  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)aversion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine n oun)aviation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)

Introduction to Media Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Media Studies - Essay Example Under the influence of a number of political, cultural, philosophical, and social factors a new bourgeois order emerged. With appearance of this order the relationships between public and private also transformed and the possibility of public discussions of existing situation became possible. Society understood the necessity of polemizing over crucial issues important for its development. That was the period when society learned to express its opinion. According to Habermas, public sphere was and must be characterized by the possibility of people to express that opinion, by common access to it, lack of any political or financial control, and the possibility to debate over general rules (1991; 435). Further capitalism influenced transformation of bourgeois public sphere as it determined an appearance of free competitive market. As a result new institutions specializing on active discussions, such as newspapers, magazine, salons where people got a chance to express this opinion have spread. However, Habermas points to the fact that public sphere underwent more profound transformation with evolution of capitalism. Fast social changes, industrialization of the cities, urbanization, and growth of educational level of society put public sphere into a new reality. Further the boundaries between public and private matters started blurring again and the prevalence of rational– critical debate that was an attribute of bourgeois society was substituted by consumerism. The status of a person was no longer determined by the ability to express valuable opinion regarding political questions and was substituted by the ability to buy and use things. So eventually public sphere has become a sphere of dominance of media and public opinion became dependent on media manipulation. What is more important that introduction of advertising made press, Television, and the Internet a means of trade, thus the initial function of public